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Researchers from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) and the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology have uncovered the political and economic borders that separated the El Argar society—considered the first state-level civilization on the Iberian Peninsula—from its neighboring Bronze Age cultures in La Mancha and Valencia around 4,000 years ago. The findings, published in the Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, reveal that while these neighboring communities had less centralized structures, they maintained intricate relationships with El Argar, forming a complex regional landscape of cooperation, negotiation, and inequality.

The study focuses on the production and circulation of pottery in what is now northern Murcia, a frontier zone between El Argar and its La Mancha and Valencian neighbors between 2200 and 1550 BCE. This region served as a contact zone where archaeologists could trace the dynamics of interaction, exchange, and boundary formation between societies with differing degrees of political complexity.

“This is one of the first archaeological studies to directly explore how political borders were formed and maintained in prehistoric Europe,” says Roberto Risch, a professor in the UAB Department of Prehistory and lead coordinator of the research. “Understanding early state formation requires us to pay attention to the creation of boundaries, yet this aspect has often been overlooked in archaeology.”

By analyzing ceramic fragments, including petrographic analysis and spatial modeling using GIS, the researchers identified sharp distinctions in pottery production between the Argaric core and surrounding regions. In the southern settlements of the Segura river basin, they found a predominance of standardized Argaric ceramics, made from clay sourced over 100 kilometers away in the coastal mountains of Murcia and Almeria. This indicates the existence of an organized distribution system likely controlled by settlements in the El Argar heartland.

In contrast, pottery in the northern areas showed signs of highly localized production using nearby clay, revealing a more domestic, small-scale approach. These differences in material culture reflect fundamentally different economic systems and suggest the presence of a core-periphery dynamic.

“These frontier areas were not just cultural boundaries but active zones of economic exchange and negotiation,” explains Adrià Moreno Gil, lead author of the study and researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology. “The presence of Argaric pottery so far from its production center suggests deliberate distribution, reinforcing the dominance of El Argar over its neighbors—even in the circulation of everyday items.”

One of the key outcomes of the study is the identification of El Argar as a highly integrated and politically centralized society. Previous research had recognized the expansive nature of El Argar, which grew from a relatively small area of 5,000 square kilometers to dominate a region spanning roughly 35,000 square kilometers. However, this is the first research to clearly define how its borders were enforced and how power was exerted over neighboring groups.

“These findings support the view that true state structures had already emerged in Western Europe around 1800 BCE,” says Risch. “El Argar was not only a society with access to strategic resources like metal, but also one that maintained economic control over its frontiers through everyday goods such as ceramics.”

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The study introduces a new methodological framework for investigating prehistoric societies by combining extensive fieldwork, ceramic analysis, and advanced spatial modeling. This approach has set a new benchmark for mapping production and distribution networks in ancient contexts.

“Our research demonstrates that pottery analysis is a powerful tool to reconstruct social and economic relationships and to understand how ancient borders were formed,” says Carla Garrido García, a predoctoral researcher at UAB and co-author of the study.

The methodology developed in this research could be applied to other Bronze Age cultures across Europe, such as the Únětice culture in Central Europe or the Minoan civilization in Crete. These societies, like El Argar, developed sophisticated economic and political systems, yet their border dynamics remain underexplored.

The project was supported by funding from the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, the Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.

One of the most profound questions in human history is when language—the foundation of our communication and culture—first emerged. A new genetic analysis suggests that the capacity for language in Homo sapiens likely existed at least 135,000 years ago, with evidence indicating its social use may have begun around 100,000 years ago.

While our species is estimated to be about 230,000 years old, pinpointing the emergence of language has proven difficult. Previous theories have relied on fossil records, anatomical studies, and archaeological artifacts. But a new study published in Frontiers in Psychology takes a different approach: tracing the geographic divergence of early human populations through genetic data.

The researchers, led by Shigeru Miyagawa of MIT and co-authored by a team including scholars from the American Museum of Natural History and universities in Brazil, Switzerland, and the U.S., argue that because all human populations today possess language, it must have already existed before these populations began to spread across the globe. “Every population branching across the globe has human language, and all languages are related,” Miyagawa explains. “That suggests the capacity for language must have been present before the first population split, which genomic data dates to around 135,000 years ago.”

The study draws on 15 genetic studies published over the past two decades, including analyses of Y-chromosome data, mitochondrial DNA, and full genomes. Together, these studies provide increasingly consistent estimates for when humans began dispersing from a single ancestral population. That timeline, the researchers argue, marks the latest possible point when humans must have already had the cognitive ability to develop language.

This new synthesis of genomic data builds on earlier surveys, but with the benefit of greater quantity and improved precision. As Miyagawa notes, “Now we have more studies, and a narrower time window. That allows us to make a stronger case.”

Miyagawa, a linguist, has long studied connections among diverse languages and believes all human languages share a common origin. In previous work, he identified shared linguistic structures between English, Japanese, and Bantu languages, supporting the view that language is a universal human trait.

Importantly, the study distinguishes between the physical ability to make sounds—a trait shared with other primates—and the unique human ability to combine vocabulary and grammar into an infinitely generative system. “Human language is qualitatively different,” says Miyagawa. “Words and syntax work together to create a complex structure that no other animal communication system has.”

This complexity, he argues, points to a cognitive foundation for language that may have existed before humans began using it to communicate. Language, he suggests, likely started as an internal system for organizing thought and only later evolved into a shared communication tool.

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Archaeological evidence supports this idea: around 100,000 years ago, signs of symbolic behavior—such as decorative markings and the use of ochre—begin to appear widely. These practices are uniquely human and suggest a cognitive leap. Co-author Ian Tattersall has long argued that language sparked symbolic thinking and transformed human behavior.

“Language was the trigger for modern human behavior,” Miyagawa says. “It encouraged people to learn from one another, spurring cultural innovations.”

However, the authors acknowledge that not all scholars agree on language’s central role. Some see symbolic behavior emerging gradually through a combination of tool use, social interaction, and environmental factors, with language being just one piece of a broader puzzle.

Still, Miyagawa believes studies like this bring us closer to understanding the emergence of language. “Our work is grounded in empirical genetic data,” he says. “We’re making progress toward a clearer picture of when and how this uniquely human trait began.”

The study was supported in part by the São Paulo Research Foundation, through the São Paulo Excellence Chair awarded to Miyagawa.

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Groundbreaking research led by a York University professor offers new insights into the Earth's earliest development and may challenge long-standing assumptions in planetary science about how rocky planets evolve. By linking Earth's internal dynamics during its first 100 million years to its current structure, the study is among the first to blend fluid mechanics with chemistry to better understand the young Earth.

“This is the first time a physical model has shown that key features of the Earth’s lower mantle structure were already in place four billion years ago, just after the planet formed,” said Charles-Édouard Boukaré, assistant professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at York’s Faculty of Science and lead author of the study.

The mantle is the thick, rocky layer surrounding Earth's iron core, and its structure and behavior have played a critical role in the planet's evolution—particularly in how it cools and how the magnetic field is generated through the core. Understanding the mantle’s early solidification has remained a mystery, despite progress in fields such as seismology, geodynamics, and petrology.

Boukaré, who hails from France, collaborated with researchers in Paris on the paper, Solidification of Earth's mantle led inevitably to a basal magma ocean, published in Nature.

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His simulations revealed a surprising result: most crystals formed under low-pressure conditions near the surface, rather than deep within the Earth under high pressure. This creates a different chemical signature than previously thought and may overturn long-held ideas about how rocky planets, including Earth, transitioned from molten bodies to solid worlds.

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A new study examining soil samples from public parks in Dublin, Ireland, has found that park entrances are significantly more contaminated with infective roundworm eggs than any other park location. The findings, led by Jason Keegan of Trinity College Dublin, were published in the open-access journal PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.

Parasitic roundworms from the Toxocara genus commonly infect dogs and cats. These animals can shed eggs into the environment through their feces, posing a risk to humans who may accidentally ingest the microscopic eggs. While many people with Toxocara infection remain asymptomatic, some may develop serious health issues, including eye infections.

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The results revealed that park entrances had the highest levels of contamination, followed by playgrounds. Further analysis showed that most of the eggs found were of the species Toxocara canis, the dog roundworm, and were in a potentially infective state.

Based on these findings, the researchers recommend targeted prevention efforts at park entrances and playgrounds. These could include better signage, waste bins, and facilities for dog owners to clean up after their pets.

They also emphasize the importance of ongoing monitoring. The method they developed for analyzing the soil is both low-cost and user-friendly, making it suitable for routine checks that could help track contamination levels over time and evaluate the impact of public health interventions.

"Park entrances had the most Toxocara eggs, and most of these eggs likely came from dogs," the authors note. "By providing signage, bins, and a means to clean up after your dog in these locations, we could reduce the level of contamination. That's the next step in the research."

Astronomers from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy have produced the most comprehensive three-dimensional map to date of cosmic dust properties in our galaxy. Using data from 130 million stellar spectra collected by ESA's Gaia mission, in combination with the LAMOST survey and machine learning, the team has significantly enhanced our ability to interpret distant astronomical observations. Since cosmic dust dims and reddens the light from celestial bodies, the new map serves as a vital tool for understanding the true nature of stars and galaxies beyond.

When we observe distant stars, cosmic dust can distort the picture—making objects appear fainter and redder than they truly are. This effect, known as "reddening" and "extinction," is caused by dust grains that scatter and absorb light unevenly, with shorter wavelengths (blue light) more affected than longer wavelengths (red light). To properly analyze cosmic phenomena, astronomers must account for these distortions, much like cleaning a smudged window to see clearly through it.

This is where the work of Xiangyu Zhang and Gregory Green at the Max Planck Institute becomes groundbreaking. They constructed a highly detailed 3D map of the Milky Way’s dust by analyzing the extinction curves—graphs that show how much light is absorbed at different wavelengths. The curve's shape provides insight into the composition of the dust and the radiation environment of different regions in space.

The researchers started with Gaia’s third data release, which contains 220 million low-resolution spectra. After quality filtering, 130 million spectra were deemed usable. Although Gaia’s resolution is limited, Zhang and Green used high-resolution data from the LAMOST survey for a subset of the stars to estimate their intrinsic properties, like surface temperature and spectral type.

They then trained a neural network to model how stellar spectra would appear after passing through different types of dust. By comparing these model spectra with the Gaia data and applying Bayesian statistical methods, they derived detailed information about the dust properties between Earth and the stars observed.

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This effort led to the first high-resolution 3D map of the dust extinction curve across the Milky Way. The scale of this map is unprecedented—based on 130 million stars, compared to earlier maps that included data for only around one million.

The implications extend far beyond dust correction. Interstellar dust plays a central role in the formation of stars and planets. It shields forming stars from radiation, contributes to the disks around young stars where planets emerge, and serves as the foundation for building solid planetary bodies. In fact, most of the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in the interstellar medium are contained in dust grains.

Surprisingly, the study also revealed that in regions with higher dust density, the extinction curve does not behave as expected. While scientists anticipated that the curve would flatten—indicating larger dust grains absorbing light more uniformly across wavelengths—this trend wasn’t always observed. These findings challenge existing theories and suggest that the physical properties of dust grains may be more complex than previously thought, prompting further investigation.

This new 3D dust map not only improves our view of the galaxy but also deepens our understanding of the cosmic ingredients that shape stars, planets, and possibly life itself.

Astronomers have identified two intriguing exoplanets orbiting TOI-1453, a star located roughly 250 light years away in the constellation Draco. The system includes a super-Earth and a sub-Neptune—two planet types commonly found throughout the galaxy but curiously absent from our own solar system. This discovery opens the door to future atmospheric studies that could shed light on how such planets form and evolve.

TOI-1453 is part of a binary star system and is slightly smaller and cooler than the Sun. Around this star, scientists have detected two small planets: TOI-1453 b, a likely rocky super-Earth, and TOI-1453 c, an unusually low-density sub-Neptune. Despite being 2.2 times larger than Earth, TOI-1453 c has a mass of just 2.9 Earth masses, making it one of the least dense sub-Neptunes known to date. This low density hints at a hydrogen-rich atmosphere or a water-dominated composition.

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The discovery was made using data from NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and the HARPS-N spectrograph, a high-precision instrument that measures stellar radial velocities. The transit method, used to observe the slight dimming of the star as the planets pass in front of it, helped determine the planets’ sizes and orbital periods. Meanwhile, radial velocity data revealed their masses by detecting the tiny wobbles in the star’s motion caused by the gravitational pull of the orbiting planets.

Interestingly, the two planets are locked in a near 3:2 orbital resonance—meaning for every three orbits of the inner planet, the outer planet completes about two. This type of resonance is believed to result from orbital migration and could offer insight into the dynamic processes that shape planetary systems.

“TOI-1453 c, with its low density, is an especially compelling target for future atmospheric studies,” said Manu Stalport, an astrophysicist at the University of Liège and lead author of the study. “Studying systems like this one can help us better understand the diversity of planets in our galaxy—and possibly how our own solar system fits into that broader picture.”

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Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems (MPI-IS) in Stuttgart have developed a biohybrid microswimmer by coating microalgae with a thin layer of magnetic material. Remarkably, the algae's swimming ability remained largely unaffected by the added material. The team, from the Physical Intelligence Department at MPI-IS, published their findings in Matter, a journal covering materials science research.
Microalgae as Natural Swimmers

In nature, single-cell microalgae—just ten microns in size—are excellent swimmers, propelled by two whip-like flagella that allow them to move with great agility. The researchers wanted to determine whether covering these algae with a polymer-based magnetic coating would hinder their movement, especially in tight spaces or thick, mucus-like fluids.

Their experiments revealed that the coated algae maintained their fast swimming speeds, reaching an average of 115 micrometers per second (about 12 body lengths per second). By comparison, an Olympic swimmer like Michael Phelps moves at 1.4 body lengths per second—a significant difference considering the algae’s lack of limbs.
Turning Microalgae into Microrobots

The study was co-led by Birgül Akolpoglu and Saadet Fatma Baltaci, researchers from MPI-IS. Their previous work focused on bacteria-based microswimmers for drug delivery applications. In this study, they aimed to functionalize unicellular algae with magnetic nanoparticles, effectively transforming them into microrobots that can be remotely guided.

Coating the algae with the magnetic polymer was quick and efficient, successfully covering nine out of ten algae. The researchers then tested the microswimmers in a liquid with the same viscosity as water. Using external magnetic fields, they successfully directed the algae’s movement.

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To push their experiment further, the team steered the microrobots through miniature 3D-printed channels with confined spaces—just three times the algae’s size. Two different setups were used: one with magnetic coils and another with permanent magnets. By creating a uniform magnetic field and adjusting its direction, they controlled the movement of the algae within the confined spaces.
Magnetic Navigation in Confined Spaces

The team observed that the algae used three distinct navigation strategies in the microchannels:

Backtracking – moving back to the starting point when stuck.

Crossing – navigating through gaps unassisted.

Magnetic crossing – smoothly maneuvering forward when guided by a magnetic field.

"Without magnetic guidance, the algae often got stuck and had to backtrack. But when we applied magnetic control, they moved much more efficiently, like giving them a tiny GPS," explains Akolpoglu.
Testing in Mucus-Like Environments

In the next phase, the researchers tested how the microrobots performed in a viscous environment, similar to mucus in the human body. They found that higher viscosity slowed the algae down and altered their movement. However, when a magnetic field was applied, the algae oscillated in a zigzag motion, demonstrating how viscosity and magnetic control could be fine-tuned to optimize navigation in complex environments.
Future Applications in Biomedicine

The researchers envision using these microrobots in highly confined environments, such as human tissues, for applications like targeted drug delivery.

"Our findings open doors to biocompatible solutions for medical treatments, with exciting potential for future innovations in biomedicine and beyond," the team concludes.

By stacking and twisting two atom-thin flakes of special materials at high angles, researchers at the University of Rochester have uncovered unique optical properties that could advance quantum computing and quantum technologies. Their study, published in Nano Letters, demonstrates how precisely layered nano-thin materials can create excitons—artificial atoms that function as quantum information bits (qubits).
The "Big Twist" and Its Quantum Potential

"If we had just a single layer of this material, these dark excitons wouldn’t interact with light," explains Nickolas Vamivakas, the Marie C. Wilson and Joseph C. Wilson Professor of Optical Physics.

"But by applying a large twist, we activate artificial atoms within the material that we can control optically, while still keeping them protected from environmental disturbances."
A New Approach Beyond Moiré Superlattices

This discovery builds upon the 2010 Nobel Prize-winning research that demonstrated how peeling carbon into a single atomic layer creates graphene, a 2D material with remarkable quantum properties.

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Scientists have since explored how layering and twisting graphene and other 2D materials at small angles—forming moiré superlattices—affects their optical and electrical properties. For instance, twisting graphene at 1.1 degrees produces special patterns that enable superconductivity.

However, the Rochester team took a different approach.

Instead of graphene, they used molybdenum diselenide, a 2D material known for being less stable, and twisted it at much larger angles, up to 40 degrees. Despite this, they discovered that the twisted monolayers produced excitons that retained information when activated by light.

"This was very surprising for us," says Arnab Barman Ray, a PhD candidate in optics.

"Molybdenum diselenide is notorious because other materials in the moiré material family generally show better information-retaining capacity. We think that if we use those other materials at these large angles, they may perform even better."
Toward the Future of Quantum Devices

The research team sees this as an early step toward developing new types of quantum devices.

"Eventually, we hope these artificial atoms can serve as memory units or nodes in a quantum network," says Vamivakas. "They could also be placed into optical cavities to create quantum materials."

These advancements could lay the groundwork for next-generation lasers, tools for quantum physics simulations, and other transformative technologies in the field of quantum information science.